A review of the hexapod tracheal system with a focus on the apterygote groups.

Respiratory systems are key innovations for the radiation of terrestrial arthropods. It is therefore surprising that there is still a considerable lack of knowledge. In this review of the available information on tracheal systems of hexapods (with a focus on the apterygote lineages Protura, Collembola, Diplura, Archaeognatha and Zygentoma), we summarize available data on the spiracles (number, position and morphology), the shape and variability of tracheal branching patterns including anastomoses, the tracheal fine structure and the respiratory proteins. The available data are strongly fragmented, and information for most subgroups is missing. In various cases, individual observations for one species account for the knowledge of the entire order. The available data show that there are strong differences between but also within apterygote orders. We conclude that the available data are insufficient to derive detailed conclusions on the hexapod ground plan and outline the possible evolutionary scenarios for the tracheal system in this group.

Meeting the Needs of Male Caregivers by Increasing Access to Accountable Care Organizations.

As the population of male caregivers continues to grow over time, they have become more visible to the service system. However, as the vast majority of supports serve female caregivers, it is important to bring men "inside" of the service system. Following a review of the male caregiver experience, this commentary discusses how Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs), a provision of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, is one way that men can be brought into and access the service system. Although male caregivers are the focus of this paper, the recommendations suggested are useful for professionals working with all caregivers regardless of gender. Discussion includes a rationale as to why ACOs are a unique service that are currently being developed that provides a window of opportunity for health professionals to meet caregiver needs in new ways. This would include the evaluation of and addressing male caregiver psychosocial and support needs at the time of addressing care receivers' medical needs.